MANAGEMENT OF EXTRACTIVE RESOURCES BY RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS: A COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS OF ECOLOGICAL JUSTICE AND CONSTITUTIONAL OBLIGATIONS IN INDONESIA
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Abstract
This study examines the legal and political shifts in Indonesia’s mining licensing regime following the enactment of Government Regulation No. 25 of 2024, which grants Special Mining Business License Areas (WIUPK) to religious organizations. Rooted in the constitutional mandate of Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution positioning the State as a Fiduciary Trustee, this research evaluates whether such affirmative action aligns with the principles of Ecological Justice. Employing a normative-juridical approach alongside a comparative analysis of mining frameworks in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Chile, the study explores the tension between economic redistribution and environmental stewardship. The findings reveal that while intended to bolster the financial autonomy of religious groups, the policy risks institutionalizing political patron-clientelism, triggering conflicts of interest, and exacerbating the marginalization of indigenous land rights. To address these challenges, this research proposes a novel "Ecological Permit" framework. This model shifts the paradigm of mining licenses from mere administrative-extractive tools to instruments of moral stewardship, integrating ecocentrism ethics, Good Mining Practices, and the Precautionary Principle. The study concludes that "Meaningful Participation" and rigorous environmental compliance must serve as non-negotiable prerequisites for concessions. Ultimately, for religious organizations to maintain their role as moral authorities, their engagement in the extractive industry must prioritize intergenerational equity and ecological integrity over short-term economic gains.
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