MANIFESTATIONS OF ECOLOGICAL JUSTICE IN POST TIN MINING RECLAMATION; AN INDONESIA-CHINA COMPARATIVE STUDY
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Abstract
This study examines the tension between economic growth and environmental sustainability in China and Indonesia, both major tin producers. Extensive tin extraction in these countries has led to land degradation, metal contamination, and unequal distribution of benefits for nearby populations. Although both nations have post-mining reclamation laws, their implementation has not been thoroughly analyzed through the lens of environmental law theory. This research aims to compare the regulatory frameworks and reclamation methods in China (Gejiu, Yunnan) and Indonesia (Bangka Belitung) while assessing their alignment with ecological justice. Using doctrinal legal research and a comparative approach, the study analyzes legislation, court rulings, government reports, and case studies. It focuses on three areas: (1) the application of the polluter-pays principle and precautionary approach; (2) public engagement techniques; and (3) the gap between legal standards and implementation. Findings show that China lacks procedural justice due to limited public participation but excels in law enforcement consistency and technological integration. In contrast, Indonesia's participatory model faces challenges due to weak oversight and local elite co-optation. Neither country fully embraces the rights of indigenous peoples. This study recommends policy synergy, with China adopting Indonesia's participatory model and Indonesia enhancing technology-driven law enforcement like China's.
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