LEGAL PROVISIONS FOR COMBATING ELECTRONIC HATE SPEECH

Main Article Content

FADHILA AININE

Abstract

In the digital era, the Internet, along with various digital platforms and social media sites, has significantly facilitated the rapid spread of hate speech, exposing a vast audience to offensive content at an unprecedented pace. This surge in information technology has given rise to new forms of hate speech, hereinafter referred to as 'electronic hate speech.' There is a pressing need for effective mechanisms to eradicate this issue at both international and national levels.

Article Details

Section
Articles

References

Abdel Rabeh, A. A. (2019). The impact of hate speech on international peace and security (4th ed.). University of Wadi International Journal of Legal Studies, 4(4), 254-265.

Al-Dulaimi, A. R. M. (2012). Media planning (1st ed.). Amman, Jordan: Dar Al-Maisra.

António Guterres. (2019). United Nations strategy and plan of action on hate speech. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from https://news.un.org

Camden Principles. (2009, April). Freedom of expression and equality. Retrieved from https://www.article19.org

European Union Code of Conduct for combating illegal hate speech on the internet. (2020, June 23). Retrieved January 3, 2022, from https://goo.gl/UtrOqQ

Ghenam, S. M. (2008). Legal regulation of commercial advertisements on the internet. Azaritia, Egypt: New University House.

Herdo Center for Digital Expression Support. (2016). Hate speeches as fuel for anger, A look at fundamental concepts in the international framework. Retrieved January 15, 2022, from www.hrdoegypt.org

KAICIID Dialogue Centre. (2019). Retrieved December 12, 2021, from https://www.kaiciid.org

Khalifi, T. (2010). Media policies and society (1st ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.

Law concerning the prevention of discrimination and hate speech and combating them, No. 20-05. (2020, April 28). Official Gazette No. 25.

Law on penalties, No. 20-06. (2020, April 28). Official Gazette No. 25.

Marsolong, P. P., Prébin, G., Delvolvé, P., & Gencoua, B. (2009). Major decisions in administrative justice (1st ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: University Institution for Studies.

Presidential Decree No. 15-261 on establishing the national authority for the prevention of crimes related to information and communication technologies and combating them. (2015, November 8). Official Gazette No. 53.

Presidential Decree No. 16-229 on establishing the state appreciation prize for arts, letters, and sciences. (2016, August 30). Official Gazette No. 53.

Presidential Decree No. 21-439 on the reorganization of the national authority for the prevention of crimes related to information and communication technologies and combating them. (2021, November 8). Official Gazette No. 86.

Rachdi Abu Zeid. (2010). The responsibility of Islamic media in the new global order (Vol. 1). Alexandria, Egypt: Al-Wafa Legal Library.

Supreme Court Magazine. (2010). Decision No. 575980, dated 22-07-2010. Case (A. A.) vs. (Z. K.), Civil Chamber, 2, 157.

The Egyptian Program for Media Development. (n.d.). Guide to avoiding hate speech. Retrieved January 10, 2022, from https://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org

UNESCO. (2015). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Paris, France.

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2018). Test of standards to identify hate speech. Retrieved January 15, 2022, from https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/ccpr.aspx

United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (1965, December 21). Human rights. Retrieved January 30, 2022, from https://www.ohchr.org/ar

United Nations. (1948, December 10). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved January 27, 2022, from https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights

University of Minnesota, Human Rights Library. (1966, December 16). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Retrieved January 25, 2022, from http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/arab/b003.html