FROM THEORY TO REALITY: UNDERSTANDING THE ROOTS OF PRAETORIANISM AND IT’S PERVASIVE IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN'S SOCIO-POLITICAL LANDSCAPE
Main Article Content
Abstract
The article explores the idea of praetorianism, a phenomenon marked by the military's excessive meddling in domestic politics, and its consequences for Pakistan. This theoretical investigation seeks to illuminate the complex forces that have shaped Pakistan's political landscape from its foundation by drawing on a wealth of literature on civil-military relations and historical case studies. The paper starts off with a thorough discussion of praetorianism, pointing out its salient characteristics and regional forms. It looks at how military establishments frequently become significant players, interfering with civil governance and undermining democratic procedures. The paper then dives into Pakistan's historical background, chronicling its ongoing battles with praetorianism. The military routinely intervenes in politics in Pakistan, ostensibly to protect national security or rectify perceived governance shortcomings. Pakistan has seen numerous military coups. The political stability, economic growth, and civil society of Pakistan have all been significantly and permanently impacted by these initiatives. The article also explores the effects of praetorianism on Pakistan's socioeconomic advancement, rule of law, and democratic consolidation. It looks at how the alternating periods of military and civilian administration have hampered the development of strong democratic institutions and weakened the notion of civic authority.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Aziz, S. (2009). Between Deams And Reallity: Some Milstones In Pakistan'history. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bingham, S. (2013). The Praetorian Guard A History Of Rome's Elite Special Forces. New York: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.
Croissant, A. (2011). Civilian Control Over The Military In East Asia. Eai Fellows Program Working Paper Series No. 31, 1-64.
Dawood, M. (2014). The Causes Of Military Interventions In Politics: A Case Study Of Pakistan And Bangladesh. European Scientific Journal /Special/ Edition Issn: 1857 – 7881 (Print) E - Issn 1857- 7431, 283-294.
Diamond, L. (2016). In Search Of Democracy. New York: Routledge.
Egreteau, R. (2003). Wooing The General: India's New Burma Policy . New Delhi: Authors Press.
El-Shimy, Y. (2016). A Model Of Praetorian States. Mei Working Paper 2016-01, 1-34.
Feaver, P. D. (2003). Armed Servants Agency, Oversight And Civil Military Relations. London: Harvard University Press.
Ferrell, B. (2014). Avoiding Praetorian Societies: Focusing U.S. Strategy On Political Development. Carlisle: United State Army War College.
Finer, S. E. (1962). The Man On The Horseback The Role Of Military In Politics . London: Pall Mall Press Limited.
Fischer, M. E. (1983). Nicolae Ceauşescu And The Romanian Political Leadership: Nationalization And Personalization Of Powe R. National Council For Soviet And East European Research , 1-74.
Hejdej Ijlic, A. R. (2000). From Elite Production To Elite Adoptation The Dynamics Of Changing In Personal Network Of Slovenian Elites . Dr.Vol.Xvi 32-33, 95-111.
Huntington, S. P. (1957). The Soldier And The State . Cambridge: The Belknap Press.
Janowitz, M. (1968). The Professional Soldier. Chicago : The University Of Chicago Press.
Kinney, D. H. (2019). Politicians At Arms: Civilian Recruitment Of Soldiers For Middle East Coups. Armed Forces & Society, 681-701.
Lasswell, H. D. (1941). The Garrison State. American Journal Of Sociology.
Luckham, A. R. (1971). A Comparative Typology Of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Macdonald, M. T. (2010). Corruption And The Military In Politics: Theory And Evidence From Around The World. Department Of Economics, 10.
Menchik, J. (2017). The Constructivist Approach To Religion And World Politics. Comparative Politics , 561-581.
Mietzner, M. (2008). Military Politics, Islam And The State In Indonesia: From Turbulent Transition To Democratic Consolidation. Singapore: Utopia Press Pte Ltd.
Nawaz, S. (2008). Crossed Swords: Pakistan Its Army And The Wars Within. New York: Oxford University Press .
Nordlinger, E. A. (1995). Isolationism Reconfigured Amrican Foreign Policy For A New Centuary. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
O’donnell, G. (2010). Democry, Agency And The State. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press .
Perlmutter, A. (1974). Egypt The Praetorian State . New Jersey : New Brunswick.
Rashid, H. G. (1983). Pakistan: The Roots Of Dictatorship The Political Economy Of A Praetorean State . London : Zed Press.
Rizvi, H. A. (2013). The Military And Politics In Pakistan 1947-1997. Lahore : Sang E Meel Publications
Schmidt, T. A. (2022). Praetorian Propencities . Army War College , 1-8.
Schmitt, C. (2007). The Concept Of The Political. London: University Of Chicago Press.
Selochan, R. M. (2004). The Military And Democracy In Asia And The Pacific. Canberra: Anu E Press.
Shahid Javed Burki. (1980). Pakistan Under Bhutto 1971-77. London: The Macmilan Press.
Shaman, B. (2019). Pakistan’s Internal Security Challenges And The Army’s Ability To Overcome Them. New Delhi: Vij Books India Pvt Ltd.
Shambaugh, D. (2002). Modernizing China’s Military Progress, Problems, And Prospects. California: University Of California Press.
Shpak , V. (2022). Indirect Praetorianism: The Case Of Turkey’s Military. Scientific Journal Of The Military University Of Land Forces Issn: 2544-7122 2022, Volume 54, Number 4(206), Pages 624-638, 624-638.
Siddiqa, A. (2007). Inside Pakistan Military Economy . New York: Oxford University Press .
Singh, N. (2014). Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic Of Military Coups. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Stepen, A. (2018). Democratic Transition In The Muslim World . New York: Columbia University Press.
Thomsen, G. H. (2006). Politics, Culture And Self East Asian And North European Attitude. Copenhagen: Nias Press.
Topih, W. J. (2018). Pakistan The Taliban, Al Qaeda, And The Rise Of Terrorism. California: Praeger Security International.
Welch, J. M. (1998). Civil-Military Relations Usaid’s Role. Center For Democracy And Governance, 1-47.
Zerba, S. H. (2019). Civil-Military Relations In Authoritarian Regimes . Arizona State University, 1-236.